CENTRAL DOGMA OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY: FROM DNA TO PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Authors

  • M AHSAN Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, P.O BOX. 54590, Lahore, Pakistan Author
  • A SAMI Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, P.O BOX. 54590, Lahore, Pakistan Author
  • MZ HAIDER Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, P.O BOX. 54590, Lahore, Pakistan Author
  • MW MEERAN Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, P.O BOX. 54590, Lahore, Pakistan Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.64013/jpbab.v2023i1.7

Keywords:

DNA, genetic code, RNA, transcription, mutation, Central Dogma

Abstract

The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology stands as an iconic framework that unfurls the intricate choreography governing the flow of genetic information within living organisms. Originating from the visionary insights of Francis Crick in 1958, this paradigm illuminates the journey of genetic code, beginning with the replication of DNA, traversing through the transcription of genetic templates into RNA, and culminating in the translation of RNA sequences into functional proteins. In this comprehensive review article, we embark on a journey to unravel the underlying mechanisms, historical antecedents, and contemporary implications intrinsic to the Central Dogma. Delving into the historical genesis, we retrace the intellectual trajectory that led to Crick's formulation. Building upon a constellation of pioneering experiments, we unearth the evidentiary foundations that bolstered the establishment of this cardinal principle. From the pivotal elucidation of DNA's structure by Watson and Crick to the enigmatic nature of the genetic code, these formative discoveries set the stage for the central dogma's unveiling. The fundamental processes of DNA replication, transcription, and translation are dissected meticulously. Through intricate biochemical choreography, DNA replication ensures the fidelity of genetic inheritance during cell division. Transcription emerges as the bridge between the stable DNA code and the transient RNA intermediaries. These transcripts undergo intricate processing, revealing a rich tapestry of post-transcriptional modifications that transform them into functional entities. Translation, the culminating act in this biogenetic theater, sees the orchestrated collaboration of ribosomal machinery, transfer RNA adaptors, and a nuanced lexicon of codons and amino acids. As the genomic narrative unfolds, genetic mutations emerge as the harbingers of variation. We unravel the delicate equilibrium between genetic stability and mutability, probing the catastrophic consequences of mutations on protein synthesis and cellular homeostasis. The regulatory overture of gene expression, an essential counterpart to the central dogma, is dissected to unveil its role in orchestrating intricate symphonies of development, adaptation, and disease.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Ahmad, B., Mahmood, A., Sami, A., & Haider, M. (2023). Impact Of Climate Change On Fruits And Crops Production In South Punjab: Farmer’s Perspective. Biological And Agricultural Sciences Research Journal, 2023(1), 22-22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54112/basrj.v2023i1.22

Aliotta, J. M., Pelletier, J. J., Ware, J. L., Moran, L. S., Benner, J. S., & Kong, H. (1996). Thermostable Bst Dna Polymerase I Lacks A 3′→ 5′ Proofreading Exonuclease Activity. Genetic Analysis: Biomolecular Engineering, 12(5-6), 185-195. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1050-3862(96)80005-2

Aranda, J. F., Pérez-García, A., Torrecilla-Parra, M., Fernández-De Frutos, M., Martín-Martín, Y., Mateos-Gómez, P. A., Pardo-Marqués, V., Busto, R., & Ramírez, C. M. (2022). Role Of Mir-199a-5p In The Post-Transcriptional Regulation Of Abca1 In Response To Hypoxia In Peritoneal Macrophages. Frontiers In Cardiovascular Medicine, 9, 994080. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2022.994080

Baldi, P., & Hatfield, G. W. (2011). Dna Microarrays And Gene Expression: From Experiments To Data Analysis And Modeling. Cambridge University Press.

Bloom, H. K. (1997). The Lucifer Principle: A Scientific Expedition Into The Forces Of History. Atlantic Monthly Press.

Bornowski, N., Hart, J. P., Palacios, A. V., Ogg, B., Brick, M. A., Hamilton, J. P., Beaver, J. S., Buell, C. R., & Porch, T. (2023). Genetic Variation In A Tepary Bean (Phaseolus Acutifolius A. Gray) Diversity Panel Reveals Loci Associated With Biotic Stress Resistance. The Plant Genome, E20363. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/tpg2.20363

Carlin, L., Paudice, M., Ingaliso, M., Pigozzi, S., Trevisan, L., Sciallero, S., Pastorino, A., Piol, N., Grillo, F., & Mastracci, L. (2023). Synchronous And Metachronous Primary Colorectal Cancers With Concordant And Discordant Mismatch Repair Status. Human Pathology. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humpath.2023.09.003

Crick, F. (1970). Central Dogma Of Molecular Biology. Nature, 227(5258), 561-563. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/227561a0

Fisher, E., & Feng, J. (2022). Rna Splicing Regulators Play Critical Roles In Neurogenesis. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Rna, 13(6), E1728. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/wrna.1728

Franco, M. K., & Koutmou, K. S. (2022). Chemical Modifications To Mrna Nucleobases Impact Translation Elongation And Termination. Biophysical Chemistry, 285, 106780. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpc.2022.106780

Franklin, R., & Franklin, R. E. Who Discovered Dna? The Journey Of Discovery.

Ganai, R. A., & Johansson, E. (2016). Dna Replication—A Matter Of Fidelity. Molecular Cell, 62(5), 745-755. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2016.05.003

Gao, Y., Zhu, Y., Sun, Q., & Chen, D. (2023). Argonaute-Dependent Ribosome-Associated Protein Quality Control. Trends In Cell Biology, 33(3), 260-272. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcb.2022.07.007

Hamburger, D. (2019). Comparative Analysis: The Regulation Of Plants Derived From Genome Editing In Argentina, Australia, Canada, The European Union, Japan And The United States. Regulation Of Genome Editing In Plant Biotechnology: A Comparative Analysis Of Regulatory Frameworks Of Selected Countries And The Eu, 313-363. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17119-3_8

Hoekstra, T. P., Depken, M., Lin, S.-N., Cabanas-Danés, J., Gross, P., Dame, R. T., Peterman, E. J., & Wuite, G. J. (2017). Switching Between Exonucleolysis And Replication By T7 Dna Polymerase Ensures High Fidelity. Biophysical Journal, 112(4), 575-583. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2016.12.044

Irfan, U., Haider, M., Shafiq, M., Sami, A., & Ali, Q. (2023). Genome Editing For Early And Late Flowering In Plants. Bulletin Of Biological And Allied Sciences Research, 2023(1), 45-45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54112/bbasr.v2023i1.45

Jia, L., Mao, Y., Ji, Q., Dersh, D., Yewdell, J. W., & Qian, S.-B. (2020). Decoding Mrna Translatability And Stability From The 5′ Utr. Nature Structural & Molecular Biology, 27(9), 814-821. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41594-020-0465-x

Judson, H. F. (1979). The Eighth Day Of Creation. New York.

Leipheimer, J., Bloom, A. L., Campomizzi, C. S., Salei, Y., & Panepinto, J. C. (2019). Translational Regulation Promotes Oxidative Stress Resistance In The Human Fungal Pathogen Cryptococcus Neoformans. Mbio, 10(6), 10.1128/Mbio. 02143-02119. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.02143-19

Marquardt, S., Petrillo, E., & Manavella, P. A. (2023). Cotranscriptional Rna Processing And Modification In Plants. The Plant Cell, 35(6), 1654-1670. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/plcell/koac309

Morange, M. (2009). The Central Dogma Of Molecular Biology: A Retrospective After Fifty Years. Resonance, 14(3), 236-247. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12045-009-0024-6

Murayama, Y., Ehara, H., Aoki, M., Goto, M., Yokoyama, T., & Sekine, S.-I. (2023). Structural Basis Of The Transcription Termination Factor Rho Engagement With Transcribing Rna Polymerase From Thermus Thermophilus. Science Advances, 9(6), Eade7093. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.ade7093

Papaspyropoulos, A., Hazapis, O., Altulea, A., Polyzou, A., Verginis, P., Evangelou, K., Fousteri, M., Papantonis, A., Demaria, M., & Gorgoulis, V. (2023). Decoding Of Translation‐Regulating Entities Reveals Heterogeneous Translation Deficiency Patterns In Cellular Senescence. Aging Cell, E13893. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/acel.13893

Sami, A., Haider, M. Z., Shafiq, M., Sadiq, S., & Ahmad, F. (2023). Genome-Wide Identification And In-Silico Expression Analysis Of Cco Gene Family In Sunflower (Helianthus Annnus). DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3344879/v1

Saw, G., Krishna, K., Gupta, N., Soong, T. W., Mallilankaraman, K., Sajikumar, S., & Dheen, S. T. (2020). Epigenetic Regulation Of Microglial Phosphatidylinositol 3‐Kinase Pathway Involved In Long‐Term Potentiation And Synaptic Plasticity In Rats. Glia, 68(3), 656-669. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/glia.23748

Scott, M., & Hwa, T. (2023). Shaping Bacterial Gene Expression By Physiological And Proteome Allocation Constraints. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 21(5), 327-342. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-022-00818-6

Shaghoulian, E. (2022). The Central Dogma And Cosmological Horizons. Journal Of High Energy Physics, 2022(1), 1-31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP01(2022)132

Steenken, S. (1992). Electron-Transfer-Induced Acidity/Basicity And Reactivity Changes Of Purine And Pyrimidine Bases. Consequences Of Redox Processes For Dna Base Pairs. Free Radical Research Communications, 16(6), 349-379. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3109/10715769209049187

Stoy, H., Zwicky, K., Kuster, D., Lang, K. S., Krietsch, J., Crossley, M. P., Schmid, J. A., Cimprich, K. A., Merrikh, H., & Lopes, M. (2023). Direct Visualization Of Transcription-Replication Conflicts Reveals Post-Replicative Dna: Rna Hybrids. Nature Structural & Molecular Biology, 30(3), 348-359. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41594-023-00928-6

Thieffry, D., & Burian, R. M. (1996). Jean Brachet's Alternative Scheme For Protein Synthesis. Trends In Biochemical Sciences, 21(3), 114-117. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0968-0004(96)10015-3

Warwick, T., Brandes, R. P., & Leisegang, M. S. (2023). Computational Methods To Study Dna: Dna: Rna Triplex Formation By Lncrnas. Non-Coding Rna, 9(1), 10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ncrna9010010

Wilkins, W. H. (2022). Mismatch Matchmaking: Single Molecule Insights Into Dna Mismatch Repair Signaling The University Of North Carolina At Chapel Hill].

Yamauchi, H., Nishimura, K., & Yoshimi, A. (2022). Aberrant Rna Splicing And Therapeutic Opportunities In Cancers. Cancer Science, 113(2), 373-381. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/cas.15213

Yang, D.-L., Huang, K., Deng, D., Zeng, Y., Wang, Z., & Zhang, Y. (2023). Dna-Dependent Rna Polymerases In Plants. The Plant Cell, 35(10), 3641-3661. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/plcell/koad195

You, L., Omollo, E. O., Yu, C., Mooney, R. A., Shi, J., Shen, L., Wu, X., Wen, A., He, D., & Zeng, Y. (2023). Structural Basis For Intrinsic Transcription Termination. Nature, 613(7945), 783-789. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05604-1

Zhang, X., Soutto, M., Chen, Z., Bhat, N., Zhu, S., Eissmann, M. F., Ernst, M., Lu, H., Peng, D., & Xu, Z. (2022). Induction Of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 4 By Helicobacter Pylori Via Signal Transducer And Activator Of Transcription 3 With A Feedforward Activation Loop Involving Steroid Receptor Coactivator Signaling In Gastric Cancer. Gastroenterology, 163(3), 620-636. E629. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2022.05.016

Downloads

Published

2023-04-07

How to Cite

AHSAN, M., SAMI, A., HAIDER, M., & MEERAN, M. (2023). CENTRAL DOGMA OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY: FROM DNA TO PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. Journal of Physical, Biomedical and Biological Sciences, 2023(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.64013/jpbab.v2023i1.7

Most read articles by the same author(s)

Similar Articles

1-10 of 18

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.