CENTRAL DOGMA OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY: FROM DNA TO PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Keywords:
DNA, genetic code, RNA, transcription, mutation, Central DogmaAbstract
The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology stands as an iconic framework that unfurls the intricate choreography governing the flow of genetic information within living organisms. Originating from the visionary insights of Francis Crick in 1958, this paradigm illuminates the journey of genetic code, beginning with the replication of DNA, traversing through the transcription of genetic templates into RNA, and culminating in the translation of RNA sequences into functional proteins. In this comprehensive review article, we embark on a journey to unravel the underlying mechanisms, historical antecedents, and contemporary implications intrinsic to the Central Dogma. Delving into the historical genesis, we retrace the intellectual trajectory that led to Crick's formulation. Building upon a constellation of pioneering experiments, we unearth the evidentiary foundations that bolstered the establishment of this cardinal principle. From the pivotal elucidation of DNA's structure by Watson and Crick to the enigmatic nature of the genetic code, these formative discoveries set the stage for the central dogma's unveiling. The fundamental processes of DNA replication, transcription, and translation are dissected meticulously. Through intricate biochemical choreography, DNA replication ensures the fidelity of genetic inheritance during cell division. Transcription emerges as the bridge between the stable DNA code and the transient RNA intermediaries. These transcripts undergo intricate processing, revealing a rich tapestry of post-transcriptional modifications that transform them into functional entities. Translation, the culminating act in this biogenetic theater, sees the orchestrated collaboration of ribosomal machinery, transfer RNA adaptors, and a nuanced lexicon of codons and amino acids. As the genomic narrative unfolds, genetic mutations emerge as the harbingers of variation. We unravel the delicate equilibrium between genetic stability and mutability, probing the catastrophic consequences of mutations on protein synthesis and cellular homeostasis. The regulatory overture of gene expression, an essential counterpart to the central dogma, is dissected to unveil its role in orchestrating intricate symphonies of development, adaptation, and disease.
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