Journal of Physical, Biomedical and Biological Sciences
Journal of Physical, Biomedical and Biological Sciences (J. Phys. Biomed. Biol. Sci. eISSN: 3005-6489) is peer reviewed international journal, the articles for Journal of Physical, Biomedical and Biological Sciences must be original reports of research not simultaneously submitted to or previously published in any other scientific or technical journal and must make a significant contribution to the advancement of knowledge or toward a better understanding of existing scientific concepts. The study reported should be applicable to a sizable geographic area or an area of ecological or economic significance and of potential interest to a significant number of scientists. The journal was started aims to provide a platform of publications following eminent standards to the researchers, scholars, scientists, and professionals of Life, physical and Biological Sciences. The inclusion of multiple academic disciplines helps in pooling the knowledge from two or more fields of study to handle better-suited problems by finding solutions established on new understandings. The authors can submit manuscripts online through OJS System. Authors can submit their manuscripts to the editorial office along with any query about status of manuscript through email at, editor@jpbab.com Frequency of publications (Volume and Issue) Each calendar year will have one volume with one issue. Journal of Physical, Biomedical and Biological Sciences publishes articles as soon as the final copy-edited version is approved by the authors rather than waiting for a collection of articles for a specific issue. Also, each article is published in its respective category.
GENOME-WIDE ANALYSIS OF THE YABBY TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR FAMILY IN OLIVE (OLEA EUROPAEA L.): STRUCTURAL DIVERSITY, MULTI-LAYERED REGULATION, AND FUNCTIONAL IMPLICATIONS IN ABIOTIC STRESS AND FRUIT DEVELOPMENT
In higher plants, YABBY transcription factors are critical for the development of lateral organs, polarity determination, and the response to environmental stress. Although the olive tree, Olea europaea L., is a valuable crop species in terms of ecology and economics, the YABBY gene family has received little attention. The current work discovered five unique OeuYAB genes from the five known subfamilies of the YABBY gene family: FIL/YAB3, YAB2, YAB5, CRC, and INO. Chromosomal mapping revealed that the distribution of these genes is not consistent throughout five genomic areas, denoted as SC_2771, SC_528, C_9, C_3, and C_1. Oeu055459.1 is placed at the distal end of C_1, while Oeu033104.1 and Oeu048822.1 are found in the higher sections of SC_2771 and SC_528, respectively. The clustering of Oeu055459.1, Oeu055459.2, and Oeu055459.3 in genomic regions C_9 and C_3 indicates the presence of genomic hotspots that could have resulted from the original gene's duplication. The physicochemical characterization of the genes revealed that OeuYAB proteins are compact (170-211 amino acids), hydrophilic, and unstable. The structural and motif analysis revealed that the genes contain the N-terminal C2C2 Zinc Finger and C-terminal YABBY domains. The Ka/Ks ratio is less than one, indicating strong purifying selection pressure on these genes. Furthermore, the presence of a complex regulatory system in the genes' promoters revealed that they are high in light responsiveness, phytohormones, and abiotic stress adaptation. To investigate post-transcriptional regulation, a miRNA target analysis revealed a specialized mode of regulation in which the OeuYAB1 and OeuYAB4 genes are regulated by two distinct miRNA clusters, Oeu-miRN1154 and Oeu-miRN2138, for translational inhibition and transcript cleavage, respectively. The OeuYAB genes were profiled using RNA-seq expression profiling in six anatomical tissues, revealing a high level of functional divergence; for example, OeuYAB3 of the CRC subfamily was found to have the highest expression level (1081.066 RPKM) in the fruit tissue, establishing its role as a key candidate for olive drupe development.
Copyright (c) 2026 A SHER, M HAMMAD, SHUH SHERAZI, M SULEMAN, M SHAFIQ (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
PATHOGENESIS-RELATED PROTEINS IN PLANTS: MOLECULAR FEATURES, FUNCTIONAL DIVERSITY, AND BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS
Pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins are critical components of the plant immune system, rapidly accumulating in response to pathogen attack and various stresses. Since their first identification in tobacco infected with Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV), these inducible proteins have been classified into multiple families based on sequence and functional characteristics. PR proteins exhibit a range of biochemical activities – including cell-wall degrading enzyme activities (e.g., chitinases, glucanases), antimicrobial peptide functions (e.g., defensins, thionins), and protease inhibition – that contribute to direct pathogen suppression and modulation of defense signaling. Advances in molecular cloning have enabled transgenic expression of PR genes in susceptible crops, often leading to enhanced resistance against fungi, bacteria, oomycetes, and viruses. Beyond plant immunity, some PR proteins display multifunctional properties relevant to stress tolerance and pharmacology. This review summarizes current understanding of PR protein classification, molecular features, induction by biotic/abiotic cues, and their application in crop protection, while highlighting opportunities and challenges in harnessing PR proteins for biotechnology.
Copyright (c) 2026 FZ KHEEMJI, G SHAIR, A ISRAR, N FATIMA, M HAMMAD, M SHAKEEL, M SHAFIQ, SHUH SHERAZI (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
ROLE OF SOMATIC CELL HYBRIDIZATION FOR CONTRIBUTION TO CROP IMPROVEMENT
Breeders have successfully leveraged genetic heterogeneity within the species to enhance crop quality. Large have been made to expand the current crop gene pool since, for modern plant breeding objectives, the variability found in a breeding population may not be sufficient. Mostly, sexual crossovers between distinct genotypes within or across closely related species have provided the basis for the introduction of novel features. The potential to alter and enhance food plants has been limited, though, as gene transfer has only been possible among sexually compatible species because of multiple reproductive hurdles. Only closely related species or even unrelated creatures may possess several desirable and intriguing agronomic traits. Much work has gone into locating, isolating, and transferring these genes into crops because they represent a potential genetic resource. Thanks to the quick advancement of somatic cell genetics, there are now ways to transmit genes across taxonomic boundaries and beyond sexual boundaries. Somatic hybridization is useful not just for the transfer of unknown genes but also for modifying and enhancing polygenic features. Furthermore, since a hybrid cell with a mixture of the two fusion partners is produced, somatic hybridization allows for the change of genetic material. Somatic hybridization is the process of creating hybrid plants by fusing the protoplasts of two distinct plant species or kinds; these hybrids are referred to as somatic hybrids. Thus, only in cases when all of the following two requirements are met—i) large-scale protoplast isolation and ii) totipotency of the separated protoplasts—can somatic hybridization be used. Generally speaking, somatic hybridization is a useful technique for improving crops and plant breeding by creating interspecific and intergeneric hybrids. Asexual and sterile plants can benefit from it, as can those whose sexual compatibility with other species is compromised.
Copyright (c) 2026 FN AJMAL, M KHALIL, Q HAYYAT, SS ALI, MT TUFAIL, H AHMED, SHUH SHERAZI (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND ADAPTIVE TRAITS OF ALTERNANTHERA PHILOXEROIDES (ALLIGATOR WEED) IN DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS
The focus of this research is to determine the morphological characterization of the Alligator Weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides) under different environments. The species is an invasive weed plant that has phenotypic plasticity, stress resistance, and ecological amplitude, which makes this plant a menace to ecological systems and crop production. Shooting Typology, which consists of several phenotypic descriptors including plant height, fresh plant weight (FPW), and dry plant weight (DPW), was used as a covariate to establish a relationship with biomass. The use of regression analysis, correlation analysis, and PCA ranked FPW and DPW as significant sources of variability with moderate secondary effects from plant height. Experiments undertaken in three field sites showed that conditions equivalent to Location 1 enhance biomass yield, while other sites displayed stress growth responses. Such a study supplements the source of information on the invasive ability of A. philoxeroides, particularly in relation to biomass production capability and ecological imperialism. It also estimated the usefulness of this weed as a fodder crop, especially in current times where resources are in short supply. The study is useful for developing appropriate management strategies for invasions by these species and the best way by which they can be used in agriculture and ecosystem rehabilitation. Subsequent studies should pay attention to the stability of trait correlations as determined by genetic factors and the physiological makeup of animals, and investigate specific environmental conditions that may exist to update the control strategies.
Copyright (c) 2025 MT TUFAIL, M MUZAFFAR, Q HAYAT (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
EVALUATING THE HEALTH RISKS OF HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATION IN DRINKING WATER - A COMPREHENSIVE RISK ASSESSMENT
Humans are frequently exposed to heavy metals (HMs) and pathogens via assimilation of contaminated drinking water all over the world, especially in developing countries. This study aimed to evaluate drinking water quality and related human health risks in spring and tap water in Hangu District, Pakistan. Standard methods were employed for gathering samples (10 from spring water and 10 from tap water) from the predominant drinking water sources in the study areas. The samples were assessed for human health risk, HMs, physicochemical, and microbiological evaluations. In the study site, the water supplies were polluted with faecal coliform, demonstrating high bacterial pollution. A total of 72 bacterial isolates were obtained from water samples, 40 from spring water, and 32 from tap water samples. The physiochemical parameters such as turbidity (2.10-4.65 NTU), total suspended solids (3.80-5.30 mg/L), electrical conductivity (498.3-569.9 µS/cm), COD (4-9 mg/L), BOD (6-11 mg/L), Total Dissolved Solids (477.8-638.3mg/L), pH (7.2-7.5), sulphate (187.2-269.8 mg/L), nitrate (0.43-0.62 mg/L), sodium (255.1-238.4mg/L), chloride (217.7-290.4 mg/L), Ca hardness (149.1-228.0mg/L), Mg hardness (122.6—6136.7mg/L) and total hardness (412.2-456.6 mg/L) were analyzed for both water samples. The HMs concentrations, such as lead, Manganese, Chromium, and Cadmium, were assessed in drinking water by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry and then compared with limits set by WHO. The HMs were noted as Cd (0.011-0.017 mg/L), Cr (0.017-0.088 mg/L), Mn (0.015-0.083 mg/L), and Pb (0.003-0.008 mg/L). According to the World Health Organization drinking water quality standard, the majority of physical and chemical characteristics fell within acceptable limits.. However, the values of sodium ions, nitrate, sulphate, and chloride ions were beyond the limits of the WHO in some water samples. The potential health risks of HMs to the native population were also studied. The concentrations of all selected metals were within permissible limits. Health risk indicators like the health risk index and the chronic daily intake were measured for children and adults. The CDIs of metals were observed in the order of Cr > Cd >Mn > Pb and Mn > Cr > Cd > Pb for spring and tap water, respectively. The HRIs of HMs were observed in order of Cd > Mn > Pb >Cr and Cd >Mn > Cr > Pb for spring and tap water, respectively. There was no health threat to the indigenous community because the HRIs of the HMs in the drinking water for adults as well as children were less than 1.
Copyright (c) 2025 M UNAID, S KHAN, SM SHAH, MS KHAN, R AFRIDI, A AZIZ, F SHIREEN, H YASMIN, S YILMAZ, A ULLAH (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
INTERPLAY OF SMOG AND HEALTH CONDITIONS: A PUBLIC HEALTH PERSPECTIVE ON RESPIRATORY, HYPERTENSIVE, AND CARDIOVASCULAR MORBIDITY
Smog as a new form of air pollution has proved to be critical in posing various effects on the general population's health. The relationship between smog and the respiratory, hypertensive, and cardiovascular health of adults forms the focus of this research. The study is based on comparative parameters of demography, blood, and clinical characteristics between smog-exposed and non-exposed individuals. The survey involved 1000 cross-sectional participants: smog-exposed (500) and non-exposed (500). Standard clinical and biochemical protocols were employed in the collection of demographic data, hematological data, and respiratory health status. Quantitative data comparisons were made using descriptive statistics to determine mean differences and, consequently, statistical significance. There was no significant difference noted according to age and gender but the smog exposed had higher BMI (27.82±4.21kg/sq.m, p≤0.024) and a higher proportion in low socioeconomic strata (40.26%, p≤0.044). Serum biochemical analysis identified that white blood cells and total cholesterol were significantly increased in the exposed group (7.22±2.31×10⁹/L, p=0.025; 197.53±40.16 mg/dL, p=0.025) respectively. Of note, we found a reduction in the levels of HDL (39.62±7.83 mg/dl; p≤0.041) and an increase in triglyceride levels (178.24±38.66 mg/dl; p≤0.036) in smog-exposed participants. The respiratory health data showed a raised prevalence of chronic respiratory diseases including asthma (22.67%, p≤0.018) and chronic bronchitis (19.84%, p≤0.022). Hypertension and cardiovascular conditions were also seen more frequently among the subjects affected by smog. The article brings out the severe ill effects of smog, with the focus being on the effects of smog exposure on morbidity among people in terms of respiratory diseases, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases. These results underscore the role of directed public health strategies and policies in correcting air pollution concentrations while protecting vulnerable groups.
Copyright (c) 2024 A MALIK, J ISLAM, G ZAIB, A ZAHID, AR RASHID, T ZIA (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
RETRACTED ARTICLE: CURRENT STATUS OF GRAIN DISCOLORATION DISEASE OF RICE IN PAKISTAN AND ITS MANAGEMENT
The article has been retracted on 13-03-2025 due to the request of the corresponding author.
Copyright (c) 2024 N NAEEM, M ASHFAQ, A AFTAB, J AKRAM, A BATOOL, M RIAZ, A ABBAS (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
AN OVERVIEW FOR PHYTOCHEMICAL ACTIVITIES OF CARICA PAPAYA FRUIT
Papaya, scientifically known as Carica papaya or Carica Papaya Linn is the only edible member of the Caricaceae family. Papaya is a large herbaceous plant exploited for its biological activities. Papaya's wide range of uses and activities are attributed to its abundance of enzymes, minerals, nutrients, and phyto-constituents. Its applications range from adding it to one's diet regularly to treating minor illnesses and even serious conditions like cancer. All of the papaya plant's parts; bark, flowers, fruit, latex, leaves, peel, roots, seeds, and stem have therapeutic and medical uses. The use of papaya as a food and traditional medicine is as old as mankind. Presently, to overcome antibiotic-resistant microbes, C. papaya is a natural source with far more advantages. C. papaya plant is used in commercial, industrial, medicinal, and therapeutic applications owing mainly to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-microbial properties. This review aims to provide a concise review of the applications of C. papaya.
Copyright (c) 2024 R AHMAD, R WALEED, MZ HAIDER (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
RICE PANICLE DISEASE AND ITS MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
Rice cultivation in Pakistan is important for local food security and international trade, especially through export of popular brands like Kernel and Super Basmati. However, the industry faces significant challenges from various biotic and abiotic stresses, including leaf blight (BLB) caused by Thomonas oryzae PV. which can cause decline. The prevalence of BLB is increasing in Pakistan, affecting weak Basmati varieties and causing up to 30% crop failure, especially when the disease occurs during the critical growth period. This disease and others like bacterial infection caused by Burkholderia glumae, demonstrate the interaction between bacteria, climate change (such as temperature and humidity) and genetics. MAS promote Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) which are medicinal and antibacterial. Extensive research has identified several genes (R genes) against BLB such as XA1, XA21 and XA7, which have been successfully incorporated into various rice varieties to enhance disease resistance. Genetic modification, although promising for rapid incorporation of protective genes, requires careful monitoring to ensure safety and efficacy across generations. Crop production, and entrance screening, including in wild rice, also play an important role in identifying emerging sources of disease resistance. Future research will focus on developing these technologies to improve crop production and disease resistance, thereby protecting food security in Pakistan and beyond.
Copyright (c) 2024 J AKRAM, N NAEEM, M ASHFAQ, A ABBAS (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
CLASSIFICATION, PREVALENCE AND TREATMENT OF HEPACVIRIUS C
Hepacivirus C has been remembered for the Flaviviridae family. It encompasses positive sense RNA infection and an individual from the Hepacivirus species. It's the overall issue and its predominance differs throughout the world while the greater part was in the USA however, now Egypt is the most influenced one. Its genotype varies because of the higher rate of recombination in the RNA genome. HCV significant transmission occurs due to blood transfusion. It can cause exhaustion, jaundice, anorexia, and numerous different diseases. It likewise impacts the liver if it’s in a persistent structure. Genotypes and subtypes are 8 and numerous (to be exact right around 126) individually. Genotype 1 has the most significant rate around the planet which influences around 40-80% of the population. USA has the most significant level of 1a and 1b, while in different nations genotype 1a isn't so normal. Pakistan has the most elevated level of HCV genotype 3a. Medicines have been built up that incorporate DAA (direct-acting antivirals), IFN-α (interferon alpha) Ribavirin, etc. A profoundly viable treatment is DAA. It may be utilized for the treatment of all age patients and the most elevated adequacy rate has been seen in youngsters because of DAA treatment. Interferon is given in a mix with other drugs. In recent years, practically half of the ongoing HCV-tainted patients have been restored with treatment other than DAA which includes ribavirin and interferon.
Copyright (c) 2024 HMU HASSAN, T ZIA, S ISHAQ, A ULLAH (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
HYBRID RICE SUITABILITY AND FUTURE PROSPECTS
Hybrid rice breeding increases yield by hitchhiking on heterosis, a trait in an offspring that is better than the parents. Use the three-line (CMS) or two-line (EGMS) protocol. Hollingshead describes a three-line CMS system with male-sterile A, maintenance B, and fertility restorative R lines. The hybrid seed is created by crossing the two lines, with the A line maintained by the B-line. The two-liner EGMS uses TGMS or PGMS to achieve male sterility and remove the maintainer line. This is why the hybrid seed is generated from EGMS lines under sterility-inducing conditions. CMS hybrid rice breeding involves establishing and maintaining A, B, and R lines, testcrosses to find restorers and maintainers, backcrosses to improve the A-line, and combining ability tests to choose high-yielding hybrids. Digenic interactions affect complete genes, with epistatic interaction contributing most to heterosis. Hybrid rice has naturally inherited biological intellectual property rights that encourage private seed production. However, high seed costs, grain quality, and pest and disease vulnerability should be addressed. Therefore, wisely and properly managing agronomic requirements is necessary to maximize hybrid rice yields.
Copyright (c) 2024 M RIAZ, MN KHALID, A BATOOL, A ABBAS, I AMJAD, M KASHIF, A SHAKEEL (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
EVALUATION OF GENE ACTION IN RICE (ORYZA SATIVA L.) FOR MORPHOLOGICAL TRAITS
Rice is an important cereal crop after wheat and maize. To study the combining ability effects of quantitative traits in rice, line × tester (4×3) progeny was generated involving 7 parents; 4 different lines, namely Super Basmati, Basmati 385, Basmati 515 and KSK 133, and 3 well-adapted testers, namely, Basmati 198, PK 386 and KS 282. Super basmati, Basmati 515, Basmati 198, Basmati 385, KSK 133, and PK 386 were found to be effective general combiners that provide excellent segregates for further selection. Basmati 385×KS 282, Super Basmati × KS 282, KSK 133 × PK 386, Super Basmati × PK 386 and Basmati 515 × KS 282 hybrid combinations have higher specific combining ability (SCA) effects on grain yield and its components and can be used to exploit hybrid vigor to increase yields. It was suggested that the genotypes Basmati 385, KS 282, Super Basmati, and PK 386 may be used for the development of high-yielding rice hybrids.
Copyright (c) 2024 MHM KALYAR, J TABASSUM, MA ULLAH, MNN KALYAR, KD SHAH, A ABBAS, AU REHMAN (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
BIOTECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF CROP DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES
This review article discusses the potential of biotechnology in agriculture, specifically in crop development. It highlights the benefits of genetic engineering, molecular markers, and genome editing techniques in enhancing crop productivity, nutritional value, and resistance to environmental stresses and pests. However, the article also acknowledges the challenges that must be addressed, such as regulatory frameworks, public acceptance, and ethical considerations. The article also discusses the importance of tissue culture in plant reproduction and the various techniques used in tissue culture, including protoplast fusion, cryopreservation, and micropropagation. It emphasizes the advantages of in vitro cell and tissue culture in plant and mutation breeding. Furthermore, the article mentions using transgenic crops, which have been genetically modified through genetic engineering techniques. It discusses the benefits of transgenic crop cultivation, such as increased revenue and agricultural output. However, it also acknowledges the public's concerns about potential environmental hazards and human consequences of transgenic crops. The article concludes by emphasizing the importance of biotechnology in addressing the challenges faced by the agricultural industry, such as pest and disease outbreaks, climate change, and soil fertility depletion. It highlights the need for sustainable agricultural practices and the development of crop varieties that can withstand extreme weather conditions and climate change to ensure global food security.
Copyright (c) 2024 HMN AJMAL, J IQBAL, M KAMRAN, MM SHAFIQUE, MJ ARSHAD, Z NOOR, SH MUSTAFA (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
INSECT SYMPHONY: UNDERSTANDING THE ROLE OF ENTOMOLOGY IN ECOSYSTEM HARMONY
This review article discusses insects' importance in maintaining ecosystems' equilibrium and productivity. Due to diversity and global distribution, insects contribute to ecological complexity, resilience, and overall health. The article highlights the historical relationship between humans and insects, with insect research becoming a reputable scientific discipline during the Renaissance. The article also discusses the role of insects in pollination, decomposition, and the food web. Insects are crucial for pollination processes, with over 75% of the world's important food commodities relying on insect pollination. Insects also play a vital role in decomposition, transporting organic matter and reintroducing nutrients to the soil. Predatory insects help preserve ecological equilibrium by capturing and ingesting prey, affecting the physical structure of the soil and plant relationships. Soil engineers like termites, dung beetles, and ants contribute to soil ecology by breaking down plant waste and influencing the soil's chemical composition and physical structure. The article also mentions the role of insects as disease vectors and the potential benefits of non-native insect species in ecosystems. In agriculture, insects provide essential ecosystem services such as pollination and pest control, significantly impacting crop yield. Dung beetles, in particular, enhance soil nutrient concentrations and increase crop yield. Overall, the article emphasizes the significant role of insects in maintaining the health and vitality of ecosystems and their importance to human well-being.
Copyright (c) 2024 MA SALEEM, A FATIMA, A REHMAN, T AROOB, A ALEEM, MA SHAHBAZ, H NAVEED, A MAJEED, MS NAWAZ, M GULSHER (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
DETECTION AND COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF HEAVY METAL TOXICITY IN BIRDS
Heavy metals are defined as metals with a density of more than 5 to 6 g/cm³. The present study determined the effect and concentration of heavy metals in the organs of pigeons and crows collected from Lahore and Pakpattan. Metal toxicity was determined in pigeons' and crows' vital organs (kidney, lungs and liver). Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer determined heavy metals concentration. The data was observed by applying ANOVA and mean±SD. Heavy metals analysis showed significantly high concentrations of Cadmium (27.33±0.57) and lead (16.83±0.14) mean values, respectively. There was a low concentration of cadmium (22.83±0.14) and lead (4.83±0.14) mean values, respectively. A probability value at (p<0.05) showed significant differences among the different organs of pigeons and crows. The samples showed high bioaccumulation of heavy metals in the organs compared to Pakpattan.
Copyright (c) 2024 A ILYAS, S ZHAHBAZ, R ZAHRA (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE: SOLUTION FOR CLIMATE-INDUCED FOOD INSECURITY
Climate change is causing fluctuations in temperature and precipitation, posing a challenge to food security in the developing world. The projected increase in food demand due to population growth requires agricultural development. However, intensive agriculture has led to land degradation, water pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions. The challenge is to meet the growing demand for food in an environmentally and socially sustainable way. Climate change threatens agriculture through disruptions to crop production and livestock health. Sustainable agriculture promotes long-term cultivation and efficient resource use and is crucial for food security. Research, education, and technological applications are needed to improve sustainable agriculture. Technology, including traditional and emerging methods, can enhance sustainability in agriculture. Farmers are implementing alternative techniques to reduce chemical fertilizer use. As the population grows, sustainable intensification of agriculture is necessary. Small-scale agriculture can be developed through crop diversity, careful fertilizer application, and soil conservation. Resource conservation technologies are important for long-term agricultural viability. Research should focus on strategies that minimize disruption to natural habitats while increasing the environmental value of agricultural land. Government assistance is needed for poor countries to adopt sustainable agriculture methods.
Copyright (c) 2024 HMN AJMAL, Z IFTAKHAR, A PERVAIZ, M CHAUDHRY, M KHALID, R ZAHEER, BA AKBAR, R ABID, W MUSHTAQ, F RAZA, I FATIMA (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
CORRELATION AND REGRESSION ANALYSIS FOR MORPHOLOGICAL TRAITS OF CORIANDER
This study, conducted between 2023 and 2024, examines the physical characteristics and genetic variation of Coriandrum sativum, or coriander. A popular herb for culinary and medicinal uses, coriander was studied for its root length, stem length, leaf length, leaf width, and leaf area. Essential oils and extracts from C. sativum show promising antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidative properties as distinct chemical components in various plant parts. As a consequence, they contribute significantly to food preservation by preventing degradation. This research indicates that Coriandrum sativum is resistant in adverse settings because of the significant positive connections among its morphological characteristics. Regression analysis also reveals the crucial role that shoot length plays in encouraging overall plant growth, providing valuable information that can be used to enhance farming methods and increase crop yields.
Copyright (c) 2024 M UMAR (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
GENETIC VARIABILITY AND PHENOTYPIC TRAIT ASSOCIATIONS IN CHICKPEA(CICER ARIETINUM L.)GENOTYPES AT SEEDLING STAGE
This study evaluated Genetic variability, heritability & Genetic advance in early development of chickpea. Twenty-five chickpea genotype were utilized in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications at The University of the Punjab, Lahore. Morphological data were collected for seven traits length of seedling(SL),Length of root(RL),Root-and-Shoot-ratio(RTSR),Biomass of seedling(SB),Length of leaf(LL),width of Leaf(LW) and Area of leaf(LA) at early stage and analyzed.The Combined analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed significant difference is high highly (P≤0.01) in all genotypes for all examined traits, underscoring substantial genetic variability within the current chickpea genotypes. Notably, traits such as Leaf-Area, Root-length, Leaf-length, and Leaf-width exhibited elevated heritability and GA, indicating feasibility on the basis of phenotype selection to enhance these traits. This insight provides valuable information for the targeted improvement of chickpea varieties through selective breeding based on these specific phenotypical characteristics.
Copyright (c) 2024 AROOSA, MA AHMED (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF WHEAT (TRITICUM AESTIVUM L.) VARIETIES FOR DROUGHT TOLERANCE
This study was designed to evaluate some wheat varieties against the most prevailing and increasing drought conditions worldwide and recommend suitable drought-resistant varieties to the farmer communities so that the yield can be increased even in stressful conditions to meet the increasing demand for food. For this purpose, seven wheat genotypes were grown in the sandy loam soils at the experimental research area of the College of Agriculture, BZU Bahadur sub-campus Layyah, during the wheat season of 2020-2021. Data were collected for plant height, number of tillers per plant, number of spikelets per spike, spike length of mother tiller, thousand grain weight, number of flag leaf sizes and grain yield per plant. In breeding for drought tolerance, grain yield is the idea for selection; however, it's a complicated, late-degree trait tormented by many elements other than drought. An approach that evaluates genotypes for physiological responses to drought at advanced increase ranges can be extra centered to drought and time efficient. Such a method can be enabled through current advances in excessive-throughput phenotyping platforms. In addition, the fulfilment of the latest genomic and molecular techniques depends on the best of phenotypic facts applied to dissect the genetics of complicated developments, including drought tolerance. Therefore, the primary goal of this assessment is to explain the increase-degree primarily based physio-morphological developments that would be centered through breeders to increase drought-tolerant wheat genotypes. The 2nd goal is to explain current advances in excessive throughput phenotyping of drought tolerance associated physio-morphological developments in the main below discipline conditions. We talk about how those techniques may be included in a complete breeding application to mitigate the influences of weather change. The assessment concludes that there may be a need for excessive throughput phenotyping of physio-morphological developments; this is increased degree-primarily basedto enhance the performance of breeding drought-tolerant wheat.
Copyright (c) 2024 RB MOHIUDDIN, A ABID, H ASMAT, M ASIF, M FAROOQ, H ALIM (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
CONTROLLING STRESS RESPONSES IN FRUIT CROPS THROUGH THE INFLUENCE OF PLANT HORMONES
Abiotic stress, impaired by climate change, poses a significant threat to global fruit crop production, with less than 3.5% of the world's land considered free from such stressors. The ensuing morphological, physiological, and biochemical changes in plants under abiotic stress are explored, underscoring the importance of addressing these challenges for sustainable agriculture. The postharvest diseases induced by pathogens emphasize the role of fruit resistance and intricate defense signaling pathways. Anthocyanins emerge as crucial compounds in mitigating stress-induced damage, with a focus on their chelating properties and diverse functions. Plant hormones' modulation of anthocyanin production is investigated, shedding light on the potential of hormones like abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, cytokinin, gibberellic acid, and ethylene in enhancing stress resistance. The involvement of Gibberellins in plant defense mechanisms and the significance of Salicylic acid in stress response are discussed, providing valuable insights into hormonal regulation under different stress conditions. The responses of fruit crops to temperature, water, salt, and heavy metal stress highlight the complex interactions and adaptations crucial for survival. It highlights the importance of understanding hormonal control mechanisms for enhancing crop resilience and sustainability in the face of global agricultural challenges. Further research is needed to unravel signaling pathways and molecular networks, paving the way for innovative approaches in crop breeding, genetic engineering, and precision agriculture to ensure food security amidst changing environmental conditions.
Copyright (c) 2024 M SANAULLAH (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
ENHANCEMENT OF YIELD AND QUALITY OF COTTON (GOSSYPIUM HIRSUTUM L.) THROUGH DIFFERENT MOLECULAR MARKERS
Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is a member of the Malvaceae family and the Gossypium genus, which contains 50 different species. Only four of these species, however, are commercially farmed. This study aims to evaluate the genetic diversity of wild and cultivated cotton gene pools, as well as QTL mapping and marker-assisted selection activities in cotton genetics. Various marker-based approaches, including RAPD, ISSR, AFLP, SSR, and SNP analysis, have been used to investigate genetic diversity, genotype correlations, and map saturation in cotton. These technologies have also assisted genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and the finding of quantitative trait loci (QTLs). Furthermore, novel approaches such as linkage disequilibrium, association mapping, and genomic selection are applied to classic ideas such as genetic variation, QTL mapping, and marker-assisted selection (MAS). These genomic technologies can boost cotton productivity and meet global demand for high-yielding, high-quality cotton fiber by incorporating additional omics resources.
Copyright (c) 2024 A ABBAS, AU REHMAN, A ARSHAD, GM RAZA, M UMAR, MS BUKHARI (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
CHICKPEA SEEDLING TRAIT GENETIC VARIATION AND HERITABILITY ESTIMATES: CONSEQUENCES FOR BREEDING PROGRAMS
Among other names, Bengal gram, Channa, or garbanzo bean is a pulse crop essential for providing healthful food to the world's expanding population. With a growing global population, chickpeas are a valuable crop that will only grow in importance due to climate change. They also provide wholesome nourishment. Kabuli and desi are the two primary types. According to a study at the University of Punjab Lahore, chickpea seedlings have substantial genetic variants with high genetic components and broad-sense heritability of 95.97%. Root length demonstrated a substantial genotypic influence with a PCV of 6.62% and a higher GCV than SL. A considerable genotypic diversity was observed in the Root-to-Seedling Length Ratio, with a heritability value of 89.47% and genetic advance of 10.389%. There was no discernible genotypic variance in seedling biomass, Substantial genotypic differences were observed in leaf features, suggesting a high degree of genetic variability. The correlation matrix showed Numerous connections between the seven attributes in chickpea seedlings, indicating a possible physiological and genetic basis for the relationships. Breeding initiatives, breeding programs, and new kinds with enhanced traits can all benefit from these discoveries.
Copyright (c) 2024 MS ALI, LAIBA, MZ HAIDER (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
PHENOTYPIC PROFILING OF CHICKPEA (CICER ARIETINUM L.) VARIETIES FOR MORPHOLOGICAL TRAITS
Chickpeas are legume crops cultivated and eaten, particularly in Asian nations. This is an excellent source of protein and carbs, with the protein quality considered superior to that of other pulses. The current study aimed to examine the genetic progress of different parameters at the seedling stage by analyzing their phenotypic attributes. During the 2022–2023 growing season, a Randomized complete block design (RCBD) experiment was set up in the University of the Punjab's agricultural area. Five different genotypes were used in the experiment. At the seedling stage, data on seven morphological criteria were collected. A combined variance (ANOVA) and correlation analysis was carried out using statistical tools. The PCV and GCV for leaf-width, root length, root-shoot ratio have shown little variation, indicating that these parameters were because of genetic factors with less influence of outer-factors(environment). Root-shoot ratio has shown a significant correlation for root length. Similarly leaf area has shown a strong correlation with leaf width. The parameters, Root length, leaf width and root-shoot ratio have shown high heritability, which signifies the ease of selection based on phenotypic appearance.
Copyright (c) 2024 MNN KALYAR, MA ULLAH, MHM KALYAR, KD SHAH (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
KNOWLEDGE ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE OF PERSONAL HYGIENE IN THE STUDY OF SECONDARY SCHOOL
Individual cleanliness assumes a significant job in advancing a sound life. The present research will investigate the relationship between information mentality and the practice of individual cleanliness among the female students of secondary schools in Faisalabad. This study will help the school authorities teach the importance of personal hygiene to female students and how this will enhance their learning methods effectively. There were 70 secondary female schools in the city Faisalabad. 4 female schools were selected conveniently in city Faisalabad, and 647 female students were studying in these schools. Sample size was 151 using www.survey.com with 95% confidence level and 7th interval. The target population consisted of schools in the city of Faisalabad. A convenient sampling technique was used for data collection. The sample size has consisted of 151 respondents. A well-designed questionnaire was used for the collection of data. Quantitative data was arranged and then analyzed using descriptive statistics with the help of Statistics Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Taking less stress develops hygienic habits, ranked in the 3rd position, and shows that the responses fall between neutral to agree but tending towards agree with a 3.93 mean value. Sleeping sometimes improves students' cognitive abilities, and thinking ability is ranked in 4th position. It shows that the responses fall between neutral to agree but tend towards agree with a 3.84 mean value. Resolving conflicts also improves hygienic activity, is ranked in 5th position, and shows that the responses fall between neutral to agree but tend towards agree with a 3.82 mean value. Trimming of nails is crucial for reducing cavity infections. It is ranked in 6th position, showing that the responses fall between neutral and agree. Still, it tends to agree with 3.79 mean value.
Copyright (c) 2023 FB KHALID, UE HABIBA, MK AFZAL, F NOOR (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
STUDENTS’ PERCEPTIONS ABOUT EXAMINATION AND RESULT AT THE SECONDARY LEVEL
The exam system is an essential part of the educational system. It encourages students to compete positively. Without valid and reliable exams, it is impossible to determine the efficacy and reliability of the educational system. The present study entitled ‘’Students’ Perception Study on Recent Examination and Results at Secondary Level in Tehsil Chiniot.” According to sis.punjab.gov.pk, 16 secondary boys’ schools are in the study area. 5 male schools had been selected conveniently and matric students at those schools were taken as the population of the study. The target population was 313 students of matriculation level. The sample size of 121 students was determined by using the online available software www.serveysystem.comi.e. With a confidence level of 95% and a confidence interval of 7%. Sample from the target population was taken through a convenient sampling technique. A well-structured questionnaire was developed for data collection. Analysis of the data was done by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Result of the study shows that more than one-third (36.4%) of the respondents were 14 years old. More than one fourth (32.2%) of the respondents were 15 years old. More than half (52.9%) of the respondents were science students. More than half (100%) of the respondents belonged to rural areas. Having less instructiveness between questions of different sections has a mean value 4.20. The mean value of this statement lies between the Agree to strongly agree and tending towards the agree and ranked at 1st position according to the mean value. Supply type questions were too long to solve in the mentioned time, with a mean value 4.13. The mean value of this statement lay between the Agree to strongly agree and tending towards the Agree and ranked at 2nd position according to mean value. It is concluded that the assessment and evaluation from the student's perception, evaluate and appraise. The research results show that students' attitudes about evaluation greatly impact how they approach learning and studying. Student should make a realistic revision schedule. Student should find a revision style that suits you. Student should customize their notes to make them more personal.
Copyright (c) 2023 W AHMAD, MA MAHMOOD, S ALI, M SIDDIQA, T ASLAM, MS AZIZ (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
HARNESSING GENETIC DIVERSITY FOR SUSTAINABLE MAIZE PRODUCTION
This review article explores the pivotal role of genetic diversity in achieving sustainable maize production. The introduction emphasizes the critical importance of genetic variability, tracing its historical significance in maize cultivation. The comprehensive overview of genetic resources in maize elucidates natural variations, breeding strategies, and conservation efforts, providing a foundation for practical applications. The section on applications examines how genetic diversity contributes to disease resistance, pest tolerance, and adaptation to abiotic stresses, underscoring its multifaceted role in ensuring agricultural resilience. Beyond agronomic benefits, the review delves into the nutritional enrichment facilitated by genetic diversity, showcasing its potential to address malnutrition. Challenges and prospects form a crucial segment, addressing ethical and regulatory concerns associated with genetic diversity utilization. The discussion extends to technological advances, emphasizing the integration of modern tools and the potential synergy with traditional approaches for sustainable maize production. This review encapsulates the dynamic interplay between genetic diversity and sustainable maize agriculture, navigating historical contexts, scientific advancements, and ethical considerations. It provides a holistic perspective on the challenges and opportunities, offering insights that guide the trajectory of maize production towards resilience and sustainability in a rapidly changing agricultural landscape.
Copyright (c) 2023 R NAWAZ, U RIAZ, H GOUHAR, M MUKHTAR, A ARSHAD, AA HUSSAIN, A HAMID, A MEHBOOB, D SAFIULLAH, MN KHALID, I AMJAD (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
ENHANCING WHEAT (TRITICUM AESTIVUM L.) YIELD THROUGH GENETIC MODIFICATION
Triticum aestivum L. or bread wheat, is an important crop species grown as a primary food source. With the increasing population, finding new ways to grow wheat genotypes with better qualities is important. The current task is to create varieties that produce more, are highly technologically advanced, and can handle a wide range of biotic and abiotic stresses. It is important to make healthier wheat types, like those with higher amounts of protein, zinc, iron, and other nutrients, because people's nutritional needs are worsening.
Copyright (c) 2023 A ABBAS, T ALI, AU REHMAN, MZ ABBAS (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
EVALUATION OF WHEAT LINES FOR YIELD AND ITS COMPONENTS UNDER DIFFERENT ECOLOGICAL ZONES
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a staple food in many world countries, including Pakistan. There is a need to provide all inputs necessary for sustainable wheat production. Agriculture has become Pakistan's backbone in GDP and foreign exchange. Data obtained for all the traits were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) to check the genetic variability for all the traits. Highly significant differences were present among all the genotypes for all the traits under study, and results are shown graphically in the results and discussion. As three different trials were assigned to me, their results show that in NUWYT BARI wheat trial, maximum grain yield (4532.3 g/plot) was obtained from line number 1 and with minimum grain yield (2209.3 g/plot) from line number 10. The NUWYT Attock wheat trial shows that maximum grain yield is obtained from line 20 (1778.3 g/plot) and minimum grain yield from line 5 (1398.3 g/plot). Also in NUWYT Piplan, the maximum yield is from line number 16 (933.33 g/plot), and the minimum grain yield is from line 22 (333.33 g/plot). We compile these results with LSD at 0.05 significance, and all data shows that highly significant differences are present among lines for all the traits under all different zones. Yield depends on various variables like stress conditions, early or late sowing, and early or late maturity.
Copyright (c) 2023 N HUSSAIN, A ABBAS, M HAMMAD, AU REHMAN, T ALI, S ASHRAF, MA JAVED (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Onions are an important vegetable crop globally, eaten widely for culinary uses and health benefits. They are the most important horticultural crop in India. Onion cultivation involves various economically important rates and socio-economic factors influencing its production. To maximize onion production in India, timely and effective use of inputs is necessary. The study focuses on important parameters such as yield, cost of cultivation, market price, labor cost, land price, government policies, and seed supply. These factors play a vital role in determining the performance of onion production and its economics. The study further analyzed the relationship between yield and cost of cultivation. The higher the yield, the higher the profit for an onion grower. Interspecific hybridization is the best method for transferring the resistance gene to overcome the plant protection agents and protect the onion from diseases, pests, and abiotic stresses. Transferring other metabolites and odor molecules that benefit human health is also important. It increases genetic diversity and also helpful for the improvement of Allium crops. In the present situation, wild relatives can be used to transfer resistance genes and Allium has an untapped gene pool. There is a need to identify genes responsible for haploid induction, develop techniques for chromosome doubling effectively, gynogenic responsive genes, and a methodology to transfer genes from one genotype to the desired genotype.
Copyright (c) 2023 M HAMMAD, A ABBAS, N HUSSAIN, AU REHMAN, MA JAVED (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
IMPROVEMENT OF WHEAT PRODUCTION THROUGH GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTIONS
The effect of genetics and environmental factors on wheat production and the necessity for researchers to find genetic sources that can survive changing environmental variables to maximize crop yield. According to previous studies, despite the genetic history of the cultivated variety, drought, high salt, heat, infections, and microbes affect wheat development and yield. Climate change can provide unexpected weather that harms crop output, threatening agricultural sustainability. Researchers are exploring genotyping, phonological traits, GWAS, and QTL mapping to boost crop output and fulfill population needs. Breeding and genetic modification are essential for wheat production due to a growing population, changing climate, and limited planted areas. The article also mentioned weighing 1000 grains or kg per hectare to measure yield.
Copyright (c) 2023 A ABBAS, AU REHMAN, T ALI, A SAMI, MZ HAIDER (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0