MULTI-VARIATE ANALYSIS FOR MORPHOLOGICAL TRAITS OF CHENOPODIUM MURALE
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.64013/jpbab.v2026i1.59Keywords:
correlation, PCA, integrated weed management, invasive weed, Chenopodium murale, Morphological traitsAbstract
The Chenopodium murale is a very troublesome weed and an invasive species on a large scale, and also a serious threat to agricultural systems throughout the world, especially in cereal and vegetable crops. The purpose of this study was to assess the morphogenetic variability of C. murale and to obtain insight into the adaptive mechanisms under different environmental conditions. Samples were taken from three different sites at the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan. The morphological traits, such as length of leaf, width of leaf, leaf area, shoot height, root length, fresh weight, dry weight, and moisture percentage, were recorded and analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA), correlation, regression, and PCA biplot analysis. The analysis revealed that the plant height, leaf area, fresh weight, and percentage of moisture were significant (p ≤ 0.05) between locations, thereby indicating a very high phenotypic plasticity and stress tolerance in the case of these traits. Heritability (h²) ranged from 0.847 to 0.993, indicating that the genetic control of these adaptive traits was additive. The fresh weight, leaf area, leaf length, leaf width, moisture content, and root length were highly positively correlated. PCA accounted for 96.4% of the total variance, which was indicative of a good 2D representation of morphological variation. Multiple morphological traits need to be targeted with an integrated weed management strategy to produce effective control for this noxious weed.
Downloads
References
Abdo, A. S., Amer, W. M., Al-Shaye, N. A., and Hassan, W. A. (2025). Barcoding of Chenopodium murale L. with new record to Egyptian flora. Pak. J. Bot 57, 667-675.
Ahmed, Z. A., and Aliwy, S. A. (2023). Taxonomical study for the species chenopodium album L. and chenopodiastrum murale L. belong to amaranthace (Chenopodiaceae) At Baghdad. Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Sciences 54, 32-41.
Al-Johani, N. S., Aytah, A. A., Boutraa, T., and Arabia, S. (2012). Allelopathic impact of two weeds, Chenopodium murale and Malva parviflora on growth and photosynthesis of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Pak. J. Bot 44, 1865-1872.
Alsherif, E. A. (2020). Cereal weeds variation in middle Egypt: Role of crop family in weed composition. Saudi journal of biological sciences 27, 2245-2250.
Bajwa, A. A., Zulfiqar, U., Sadia, S., Bhowmik, P., and Chauhan, B. S. (2019). A global perspective on the biology, impact and management of Chenopodium album and Chenopodium murale: two troublesome agricultural and environmental weeds. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 26, 5357-5371.
Bana, R. S., Kumar, V., Sangwan, S., Singh, T., Kumari, A., Dhanda, S., Dawar, R., Godara, S., and Singh, V. (2022). Seed germination ecology of Chenopodium album and Chenopodium murale. Biology 11, 1599.
Bhowmik, P. C., and Reddy, K. N. (1988). Interference of common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) in transplanted tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). Weed Technology 2, 505-508.
Fuentes-Bazan, S., Uotila, P., and Borsch, T. (2012). A novel phylogeny-based generic classification for Chenopodium sensu lato, and a tribal rearrangement of Chenopodioideae (Chenopodiaceae). Willdenowia 42, 5-24.
Gupta, S., and Narayan, R. (2012). Phenotypic plasticity of Chenopodium murale across contrasting habitat conditions in peri-urban areas in Indian dry tropics: Is it indicative of its invasiveness? Plant ecology 213, 493-503.
Hayat, Q., Ali, Z., Awais, M., and Shaheen, M. (2025). multivariate analysis for morphological traits of Cyperus rotundus. Journal of Life and Social Sciences 2025, 43-43.
Hayyat, Q., Ali, Z., Awais, M., Shaheen, M. F., Waleed, R., and Bilal, M. (2025). Heterosis, heterobeltiosis, and heritability studies for morphological traits of wheat (Triticum aestivum l.) seedlings. Journal of Life and Social Sciences 2025, 40.
Holm, L. R., Doll, J., Holm, E., Pancho, J. V., and Herberger, J. P. (1997). "World Weeds: Natural Histories and Distribution," Wiley.
Kühn, U., Bittrich, V., Carolin, R., Freitag, H., Hedge, I., Uotila, P., and Wilson, P. (1993). Chenopodiaceae. In "Flowering Plants· Dicotyledons: Magnoliid, Hamamelid and Caryophyllid Families", pp. 253-281. Springer.
Naqvi, S. F., Khan, I. H., and Javaid, A. (2020). Hexane soluble bioactive components of Chenopodium murale stem. Pakistan Journal of Weed Science Research 26, 425.
Raza, A., Ali, H. H., Zaheer, M. S., Iqbal, J., Seleiman, M. F., Sattar, J., Ali, B., Khan, S., Arjumend, T., and Chauhan, B. S. (2023). Bio-ecology and the management of Chenopodium murale L.: A problematic weed in Asia. Crop Protection 172, 106332.
Rehman, T., and Rao, H. (2023). Chenopodium murale L.: a weed of medicinal importance-a brief review. Traditional and Integrative Medicine.
Sami, A., Haider, M., Meeran, M., Ali, M., Abbas, A., Ali, Q., and Umar, M. (2023). Exploring morphological traits variation in chenopodium murale: a comprehensive multivariate analysis. Bulletin of Biological and Allied Sciences Research 2023, 43-43.
Srivastava, R., Singh, A., and Shukla, S. (2013). Chemical investigation and pharmaceutical action of Cyperus rotundus-a review. Journal of Biologically Active Products from Nature 3, 166-172.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
Categories
License
Copyright (c) 2026 B SHAHZADI, MM BAIG, Q HAYYAT (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
